Peng Xu, Xinzhu Li, Wenda Shi*, Zhenhu Zhang, Jinping Zhang, 

Jinzhan Cheng, Wanlin Guo, Xiaoming Zhao*

Energy Environ. Sci（IF:30.8）,First published: 08 September 2026

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are at the forefront of next-generation photovoltaic technologies, yet the complex crystallization kinetics inherent to solution processing remain a significant barrier to achieving macroscopic uniformity in large-area modules. Here, we report a selective coordination strategy that enables the formation of homogeneous prenucleation clusters (PNCs) by precisely modulating the precursor coordination equilibrium. This approach effectively suppresses disorder of precursor species and lowers the thermodynamic barrier for nucleation, yielding high crystallinity and spatial uniformity of perovskite films. Consequently, we achieved PCEs of 27.0% (certified 26.6%) and 24.5% (certified 24.3%) for 0.05 cm² cells and 11.45 cm² modules, the latter of which represents the highest certified value reported to date for perovskite solar modules (PSMs). Importantly, our modules retain stable power output after three months of outdoor operation, underscoring the viability of our strategy for practical applications.

https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ee03421g